![]() In early Maya civilizations the process of nixtamalization was distinctive in that hard, ripe kernels of maize (corn) were boiled in water and lime, thus producing nixtamal which was then made into unleavened dough for flat cakes by grinding with a handstone on a quern ( metate). However, in many non-Westernised, non-mechanised cultures they are still manufactured and used regularly and have only been replaced in many parts of the world in the last century or so. They were generally replaced by millstones once mechanised forms of milling appeared, particularly the water mill and the windmill, although animals were also used to operate the millstones. ![]() Quern-stones have been used throughout the world to grind materials, the most important of which was usually grain to make flour for bread-making. Revolving beehive quern-stones and a saddlestone on display at Cliffe Castle Museum, Keighley.
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